Other capital flows include $1.5B annually from Eni, which targets 400,000 BPD by 2030, and Repsol, which has resumed direct lifting of Merey crude. Production faces physical bottlenecks in power supply, pipelines, and diluent for heavy Orinoco crude, while domestic refineries process 350,000 BPD and the Cardón plant restarts this week after a fire. Every barrel produced remains dependent on US licenses.
