Former OpenAI researcher Will DePue has identified hardware signatures in the published weights of frontier AI models that match the layout and seed patterns of the Nvidia Blackwell GPU. DePue says the forensic analysis proves that China’s leading AI labs—including Ant Group, MiniMax, Moonshot, and DeepSeek—used the high-end chips to initialize their latest models, including Kimi K3 and DeepSeek-V4-Pro. The findings, which DePue says were verified by researchers at OpenAI and Anthropic, provide evidence that Chinese firms have managed to obtain the hardware despite U.S. export bans.
The research estimates that the largest clusters used between 2,000 and 3,000 Blackwell GPUs each, with purchase costs for these systems ranging from $150M to $200M per cluster. Across the four labs, DePue estimates the cost of the restricted GPUs exceeds $500M. This follows reporting that Litong Inc., a group linked to suspected intelligence operative Alice Huang, has imported 240,000 Nvidia chips worth at least $7.5B into China since 2023 to bypass U.S. trade restrictions.
