The cloud operators must generate roughly $300 billion in annual AI revenue to break even on these investments, according to the firm. Goldman estimates that spending surprises of $250 billion in either direction next year could shift S&P 500 earnings growth by about 6 percentage points. Total investment across compute, data centers, and power may reach $7.6 trillion by 2031 as the primary bottle neck shifts from chip production to available power and physical infrastructure.
